Soul of Chemistry

Notes on Chemical Bonding Chemical bonding is a fundamental concept in chemistry that explains how atoms combine to form molecules and compounds. There are several types of chemical bonds, each with its own characteristics and properties. > Types of Chemical Bonds: Ionic Bonds: An ionic bond is a type of chemical bond that forms between two atoms with significantly different electronegativities. It is formed considerably between metals and nonmetals. Such bonds are formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to the other. Examples: Common examples of compounds held together by ionic bonds include sodium chloride (table salt), potassium chloride (used in some salt substitutes), calcium carbonate (found in chalk and shells), and magnesium oxide. The figure below explains how sodium ion looses one electron which is accepted by chlorine atom. Thus sodium becomes a cation and chlorine becomes an anion. An electrostatic force of attraction between these two

Thermodynamics Short questions and Answers. 1.      Thermodynamics is the branch of physics that deals with the study of energy and its transformations in systems. 2.     It encompasses the principles governing heat, work, temperature, and energy transfer. 3.     The laws of thermodynamics provide a framework for understanding the behavior of macroscopic systems. Get Notes on Thermodynamics for BSc here. 4.     The first law of thermodynamics states that energy is conserved in a closed system. 5.     It relates the change in internal energy of a system to the heat added to it and the work done on or by the system. 6.     The second law of thermodynamics establishes the concept of entropy, which characterizes the direction of spontaneous processes. 7.     It states that the entropy of an isolated system tends to increase over time. 8.     The third law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero as its temperature approaches absolute zero. 9.     The c